Bison, camels, horses, young mammoths

6 ft long × 3 ft tall

North & South America (La Brea)

Leaves, branches, fruits; high browsing

20 ft long × 10 ft tall (reared)

South America (esp. Argentina, Brazil)

Bison, horses, camels; large herbivores

5 ft long × ~2.6 ft tall (shoulder)

North & South America (La Brea, etc.)

Whales, seals, large fish, sea turtles

50–60 ft long (est.)

Worldwide (warm–temperate oceans)

Crocodilians, large fish, turtles

42 ft long × ~1.5 ft thick

Northern South America (Cerrejón, Colombia)

Small vertebrates, carrion; fish when available

Wingspan ≈33–36 ft (10–11 m)

North America — Texas (Big Bend National Park)

Moa (giant flightless birds); carrion

Wingspan ≈8.5–10 ft (2.6–3.0 m); up to ~15 kg (♀)

South Island, New Zealand (Te Waipounamu)

Fish and squid skimmed from the ocean surface

Wingspan ≈20–24 ft (6.1–7.4 m)

Coastal oceans; fossils in S. Carolina (USA), Europe, Chile

Carcasses, bison, horses; opportunistic omnivore

9 ft long × 5.5 ft tall (shoulder)

North America (from Alaska to the U.S. South)

Bamboo, tough stems, fruits

6 ft long × ~10 ft tall

Southern China & Southeast Asia

Hadrosaurs near water, turtles, large fish

33 ft long × ~6 ft tall (back)

North America (Laramidia & Appalachia)

Flying insects; possibly small amphibians

Wingspan ≈65–75 cm (26–30 in)

Europe (France) and related taxa elsewhere

Grasses, sedges, tough plants

11 ft long × ~5 ft tall (shell)

South America (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay)

Aquatic plants, pond weeds, water lilies

8 ft long × 3.5 ft tall

North America (lakes & wetlands)

Clams, crabs, hard-shelled prey; fish

6.5 ft long × ~2 ft tall

East Asia (Yunnan, China)

Fish, small vertebrates; likely plants/seeds too

Length ≈1 m (3.3 ft)

Paraná basin, Argentina (South America)

Steppe grasses and browse

Height ≈12–13.5 hh (48–54 in / 122–137 cm)

Eastern Europe & steppe of Russia/Ukraine

Steppe grasses, sedges, forbs; bark/twigs in winter

Shoulder ≈9–11 ft (2.7–3.4 m); ~4–6 t

Northern Eurasia & North America (last on Wrangel I.)

Steppe grasses and sedges

Length ≈12–15 ft (3.7–4.5 m); 2–3.5 t

Eurasian steppe (from Western Europe to Siberia)

Large fish, soft-bodied prey, possible cephalopods

23 ft long × ~4 ft tall (body depth)

North America & UK (Carboniferous seas)

Wallabies, small kangaroos, birds; scavenged carrion

Body 39–51 in (1–1.3 m); 20–30 kg

Tasmania (once mainland Australia & New Guinea)

Aquatic/riverbank plants, grasses

Length ≈10 ft (3 m) + tail; ~400–700 kg

Urumaco Formation, Venezuela (N South America)

Trilobites, small arthropods, soft-bodied prey; opportunistic scavenging

Up to ≈5.5 ft (1.7 m) long

Winneshiek Shale, Iowa (USA); near-shore marine basin

Aquatic plants; bark and branches scraped with lower tusks

Height ≈9–10 ft (2.7–3 m); several tons

Asia (esp. China & Mongolia); Miocene wetlands

Carrion, small vertebrates, roots, tough plants

10 ft long × 6 ft tall (shoulder)

North America (Great Plains & West)

Large ungulates, turtles, carrion (inferred)

Skull ~33 in (83 cm); body size debated

Inner Mongolia, China (Irdin Manha Fm.)

Microorganisms, organic detritus on seafloor

Length ≈1–5 cm

Burgess Shale (Canada); related forms in China

Leaves, soft shoots from tall trees

Shoulder ≈15–16 ft (4.5–4.8 m); 15–20 t

Central & South Asia (Pakistan, Mongolia, China)